Heart failure is a complicated clinical condition that occurs when the heart is unable to pump enough blood to satisfy the body's needs. It is caused by any functional or anatomical cardiac disease that impairs ventricular filling or blood ejection to the systemic circulation to fulfill systemic demands.
The majority of individuals with heart failure have symptoms as a result of decreased left ventricular myocardial function. Patients often report with dyspnea, reduced exercise tolerance, and fluid retention, as seen by pulmonary and peripheral edema.
Heart failure caused by left ventricular dysfunction is classified as heart failure with decreased ejection fraction based on the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) (usually considered LVEF 40 percent or less)
Due to a varied cut off for systolic dysfunction employed by different research, individuals with an ejection fraction ranging from 40% to 50% have been regarded to constitute an intermediate group of patients. These individuals should be treated frequently for underlying risk factors and comorbidities, as well as with appropriate guideline-directed treatment.
When heart failure occurs, compensatory systems try to raise cardiac filling pressure, muscle mass, and heart rate. However, in many situations, there is a gradual decrease in cardiac function.