Laparoscopic Colorectal Surgery
In the last two decades, the advent of the laparoscopic method to cholecystectomy has been followed by the rapid adoption of this technique in a variety of surgical procedures. The laparoscopic revolution is an example of surgical innovation that has spread quickly through the academic community. Jacobs et al reported the first laparoscopically assisted colectomy in the 1990s. In comparison to open surgery, a large number of controlled trials and meta-analyses have indicated that laparoscopic colorectal surgery is related to reduced discomfort, faster bowel transit recovery, and shorter hospital stay. It's been proposed that laparoscopy's short-term benefits are linked to a reduced inflammatory response. Several studies have shown that laparoscopic colectomy results in lower serum levels of interleukin-6 and other proinflammatory cytokines, which are sensitive markers of tissue injury, than surgical resection.
However, when compared to cholecystectomy, appendectomy, or Nissen fundoplication, laparoscopic colonic surgery is a much more difficult procedure because it frequently involves more than one abdominal quadrant, identification and transection of vascular structures, mobilization and resection of the bowel, retrieval of the surgical specimen, and anastomosis. Longer operational hours and a steep learning curve have been linked to the increasing difficulty of laparoscopic colectomy. Because of these factors, despite its benefits, laparoscopic colectomy has taken several years to gain popularity.